Preface

Acknowledgments

About the Authors

1. History and the Private/Public Distinction

1. The Setting.
2. The Historical Underpinnings of Private Security and Public Police.

A. The Classical Idea of Public Safety.
B. Feudalism and the Protection of Person and Property.
C. The Watch and Ward.
D. Urbanization and the Changing Security Perspective

3. The American Experiment with Policing and Public Safety.

A. The Influence of Allan Pinkerton.
B. Western Expansionism and the Culture of Public Safety.
C. The Influence of J. Edgar Hoover.

4. The American Paradigm of Public Safety: History and Change.

2. Privatization, the Private Sector, and the Public Safety Paradigm.

1. The Security Industry: Growth and Privatization.
2. Functions of the Security Industry.

A. Unarmed Officers.
B. Alarm Companies.
C. Private Investigators.
D. Campus Law Enforcement and Educational Institutions.
E. Retail/Industrial.

3. Community and Policing: Public and Private Perspectives.

1. Introduction.
2. The Promise of Community-Based Policing.
3. Community-Based Policing and the Culture of Public Law Enforcement.

A. Public Police Professionalism and the Resistance to Community Policing.
B. The Efficacy of Professional Public Policing.
C. The Incompatibility of Public Police and Community-Based Policing Initiatives.

4. The Compatibility of the Private Sector in Community Protection: The New Paradigm.

4. Private Sector Community Profile and Threat Assessment.

1. General Perceptions of Community Life.

A. Community Structure: Organized/Disorganized Environments.
B. The High-Crime Community: Challenges and Opportunity for Change.

2. The Community Profile.

A. State of Public Police/Community Relations.
B. Level of Juvenile Delinquency and Gang Activity.
C. Business Climate and Economic Conditions. D. Private Security Professional Perceptions.

3. Threat Assessment.

A. Preincident Indicators: A Tool for Threat Assessment.

5. Private Sector Officers in the Community: Community-Based Integration Tactics.

1. Introduction.
2. Community-Based Integration Programs (CBIP).

A. Integration versus Observation.
B. Personnel and the CBIP.
C. Training for Community Integration.
D. Fundamental Skills in the Community Protection Officer.

3. A System’s Approach to Community Integration.

A. Reclamation of the Community Environment.
B. Networking.
C. Anchoring.

4. Program Evaluation: The State of the Community.

6. Private Sector Community-Based Communication Tactics.

1. Communication Policy and Tactics for Private Sector Officers.

A. Notice and Purpose.
B. Officer Demeanor and Attitude.
C. Avoidance of Responsibility.
D. Arrogance and Interaction.
E. Failure to Listen.

2. Public Police and Private Security Communication.
3. Private Sector Communication and the Media.

7. Private Sector Community-Based Psychological Tactics.

1. Introduction.
2. Shock Tactics in Community-Based Methodologies.

A. First-Contact Protocols.

3. High-Shock Strategies in High-Crime Communities.
4. Low-Intensity Shock Strategies.
5. Psychological Operations (PsyOps) as Shock Tactics.

A. Visual Imagery.
B. Letters, Surveys, and Communiquis.
C. Visual Intimidation.
D. Strategic Deception.
E. Media Coverage as Psychological Warfare.
F. Night Vision Tactics.
G. Pay Telephones.
H. Rewards.

8. Private Sector Community-Based Physical Factors.

1. Physical Security and Environment.

A. Crime and Environmental Design.
B. The Mall as an Environment.

2. II. Physical Security and Risk.

A. Image and the Risk Plan.
B. Technology and the Physical Environment.
C. Schools as Experiments in Physical Security.

9. The Future of Public Safety: Preparing for the Challenges.

1. Advantages of the Private Sector in Community-Based Efforts.
2. A Case of Art over Science in the Delivery of Protective Services.
3. The Rise of Public/Private Partnerships in the Justice Model.
4. The Rise of Regulations, Standards, and Accreditation.
5. The Private Sector Solution.

Appendix: Environmental Threat Assessment & Residential Property Security Survey.

Index